Citopatológico do colo uterino e adequabilidade da amostra: ensaio clínico randomizado controlado / Cervical cytopathology and sample suitability: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar duas técnicas de coleta cervicovaginal à adequabilidade da amostra e aos demais achados do laudo colpocitopatológico. Métodos O estudo foi realizado no período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019, em um centro de saúde-escola, localizado no município de Fortaleza - Ceará. A amostra foi composta por 365 mulheres divididas aleatoriamente, sendo 184 participantes no Grupo Controle (técnica na qual o esfregaço da ectocérvice foi disposto na lâmina antes da coleta do material da endocérvice) e 181 no Grupo Comparação (no qual o esfregaço da ectocérvice vaginal foi disposto na lâmina apenas após a coleta do material da endocérvice). Utilizou-se um instrumento contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, sexuais, reprodutivas e referentes aos achados no laudo citopatológico. Incluíram-se mulheres na faixa etária de 18 a 64 anos, que já tinham iniciado vida sexual e que realizaram o exame de prevenção do câncer de colo uterino no período da coleta de dados. Os testes do qui-quadrado, Fisher e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados. Resultados Não houve associação estatística entre a adequabilidade da amostra citopatológica às duas técnicas de coleta cervicovaginal empregadas e às demais variáveis clínicas, sexuais, reprodutivas e referentes aos demais achados no laudo citopatológico, obtendo-se valor de p>5% em todas as associações realizadas. Conclusão As duas técnicas de coleta de células cervicais descritas em manuais oficiais não diferiram para a obtenção de uma amostra celular adequada, sendo igualmente eficazes e propiciando a garantia de um laudo colpocitopatológico preciso e oportuno. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC): RBR-2H4MPN.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar dos técnicas de toma de muestra cervicovaginal con la adecuación de la muestra y con los demás resultados del informe colpocitológico. Métodos El estudio fue realizado durante el período de septiembre de 2018 a julio de 2019, en un centro de salud-escuela, ubicado en el municipio de Fortaleza, estado de Ceará. La muestra estaba compuesta por 365 mujeres divididas aleatoriamente, de las cuales 184 participantes estaban en el Grupo Control (técnica por la que el frotis del ectocérvix fue colocado en la lámina antes de la toma del material del endocérvix) y 181 en el Grupo Comparación (en el que el frotis del ectocérvix vaginal fue colocado sobre la lámina únicamente después de la toma del material del endocérvix). Se utilizó un instrumento con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, sexuales, reproductivas y relativas a los resultados del informe citológico. Fueron incluidas mujeres del grupo de edad de 18 a 64 años, que ya habían empezado su vida sexual y que realizaron la prueba de prevención de cáncer de cuello uterino durante el período de la recopilación de datos. Se utilizaron las pruebas χ2 de Pearson, Fisher y Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados No hubo asociación estadística entre la adecuación de la muestra citológica con las dos técnicas de toma cervicovaginal utilizadas y con las demás variables clínicas, sexuales, reproductivas y referentes a los demás resultados del informe citológico, y se obtuvo un valor de p>5 % en todas las asociaciones realizadas. Conclusión Las dos técnicas de toma de células cervicales que se describen en manuales oficiales no difirieron en la obtención de una muestra celular adecuada y son igualmente eficaces y favorecen la garantía de un informe colpocitológico preciso y oportuno.

Abstract Objective To assess two cervicovaginal collection techniques to sample suitability and the other findings of Pap smear. Methods The study was conducted from September 2018 to July 2019, in a school health center located in the city of Fortaleza - Ceará. The sample consisted of 365 women randomly divided, with 184 participants in the Control Group (technique in which the ectocervix smear was placed on the slide before endocervical material was collected) and 181 in the Comparison Group (in which the vaginal ectocervix smear was placed on the slide only after collecting the material from the endocervix). An instrument containing sociodemographic, clinical, sexual, reproductive and findings in cytopathological report was used. Women aged between 18 and 64 years, who had already started their sexual life and who underwent the cervical cancer prevention test during the data collection period, were included. Chi-square, Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Results There was no statistical association between cytopathological sample suitability for the two cervicovaginal collection techniques used and for the other clinical, sexual, reproductive and other variables related to the other findings in cytopathological report, obtaining a value of p>5% in all associations performed. Conclusion The two techniques for collecting cervical cells described in official manuals did not differ for obtaining an adequate cell sample, being equally effective and providing the guarantee of an accurate and timely Pap smear. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry (ReBEC): RBR-2H4MPN.

The value of colposcopy in referral of cervical high-risk HPV positive women / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of referral colposcopy in cervical high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) positive women in cervical cancer screening.Methods:Totally 2 445 cases, which were referred for colposcopic cervical biopsy for cervical HR-HPV positive in Karamay Central Hospital from January 2018 to November 2021 were collected. The status of cervical HR-HPV positive transferred colposcopy in different situations to identify high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and above (HISL+ ) was analyzed. The value of referral colposcopy in cervical HR-HPV positive women under different conditions was evaluated.Results:2 445 HR-HPV positive women were referred for colposcopic cervical biopsy, which confirmed 1 447 cases of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), 362 cases of low grade squamous intraepithelia lesion (LSIL), 510 cases of HSIL and 126 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); The complete coincidence rate between colposcopy diagnosis and pathological diagnosis was 67.08%(1 640/2 445), and the Kappa value of consistency test was 0.489. The sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy in the diagnosis of LSIL+ were 91.28% and 69.38%, and HSIL+ were 74.52% and 93.15%. The detection rates of HSIL+ in HPV16/18 positive and other 12 HPV positive patients with abnormal cervical liquid based cytology (TCT) were 64.78%(103/159) and 78.79%(364/462), respectively. The positive rates of HPV16/18 and 12 other HPV positive HSIL+ with normal TCT were 16.46%(82/498) and 6.56%(87/1 326), respectively. The rate of detecting HSIL+ in abnormal areas under colposcopy was 44.69%(534/1 195), and that in routine biopsy was 8.16%(102/1 250).Conclusions:Among the referred for colposcopic cases, the detection rate of HSIL+ was higher in cases with cervical HR-HPV positive and TCT abnormalities. Colposcopy has obvious value in identifying cervical lesions. The accurate diagnosis of cervical lesions is based on cervical biopsy under colposcopy.

Associação entre Vaginose Bacteriana e Anormalidades Citológicas nos Exames Citopatológicos Analisados em um Laboratório Escola de Goiânia-GO / Association Between Bacterial Vaginosis and Cytological Abnormalities in Cytopathological Exams Analyzed in a Laboratory School of Goiânia-GO / Asociación entre Vaginosis Bacteriana y Anormalidades Citológicas en Exámenes Citopatológicos Analizados en una Escuela de Laboratorio de Goiânia-GO

Introdução: A Gardnerella vaginalis facilita a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV). Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre anormalidades citológicas e presença de Gardnerella vaginalis nos esfregaços cervicovaginais encaminhados ao Laboratório Clínico da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (LAC/PUC Goiás) estratificadas por faixa etária. Método: Estudo transversal realizado no LAC/PUC Goiás entre janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2015. Para análises estatísticas, a variável idade foi categorizada em ≤39 anos e >40 anos, utilizando o programa IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 2.0, 2011®) para o teste de qui-quadrado (X²), com intervalo de confiança de 95% e valor p<0,05. Resultados: Foram analisados 4.558 exames citopatológicos, a maioria com presença de Lactobacillus spp. (46,97%). A prevalência dos agentes patogênicos foi a Gardnerella vaginalis (79,6%), seguida de Candida spp. (16,8%), Trichomonas vaginalis (2,2%), Herpes simplex (0,4 %) e Chlamydia trachomatis (0,1%). As anormalidades citológicas foram observadas em 9,1%, sendo atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) 2,57%, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) 1,78%, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) 3,52%, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) 1,08%, atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic (AGC-NEO) 0,22% e carcinoma 0,02%. Houve uma associação significante entre anormalidades citológicas graves e mulheres ≥40 anos, OR 3,01 (IC 95% 2,0-4,58) (p<0,0001). Mulheres ≤40 anos mostraram significância à presença de Gardnerella vaginalis (p<0,0004). Conclusão: Uma elevada prevalência de Gardnerella vaginalis foi encontrada associada com as anormalidades citológicas, principalmente em mulheres sexualmente ativas.

Introduction:Gardnerella vaginalis facilitates human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Objective: To verify the association between cytological abnormalities and the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis in cervicovaginal smears sent to the Clinical Laboratory of the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (LAC/PUC Goiás) stratified by age range. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out at LAC/PUC Goiás from January 2013 to December 2015. For statistical analysis, the variable age was categorized as ≤39 years and >40 years, using the IBM SPSS Statistics program (Version 2.0, 2011®) for the chi-square test (X²), with a 95% confidence interval and p<0.05. Results:4,558 cytopathological exams were analyzed, most of them with the presence of Lactobacillus spp (46.97%). The prevalence of pathogens was Gardnerella vaginalis (79.6%), followed by Candida spp. (16.8%), Trichomonas vaginalis (2.2%), Herpes simplex (0.4%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (0.1%). Cytological abnormalities were observed in 9.1%, being atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) 2.57%, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) 1.78%, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance cannot exclude high intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) 3.52%, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) 1.08%, atypical endocervical cells, neoplastic favor (AGC-NEO) 0.22% and carcinoma 0.02%. There was a significant association between severe cytological abnormalities and women >40 years old OR 3.01 (95% CI 2.0-4.58) (p<0.0001). Women ≤40 years old showed the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis (p<0.0004). Conclusion:A high prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis was found and its association with cytological abnormalities, especially in sexually active women.

Introducción:Gardnerella vaginalis facilita la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH). Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre anormalidades citológicas y la presencia de Gardnerella vaginalis en frotis cervicovaginales enviadas al Laboratorio Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Goiás (LAC/PUC Goiás) estratificadas por grupo de edad. Método: Estudio transversal realizado en LAC/PUC Goiás desde enero de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2015. Para el análisis estadístico, la edad variable se clasificó como ≤39 años y >40 años, utilizando el programa IBM SPSS Statistics (Versión 2.0, 2011®) para la prueba de chi-cuadrado (X²), con un intervalo de confianza del 95% y p <0,05. Resultados: Se analizaron 4.558 exámenes citopatológicos. La prevalencia de Lactobacillusspp. con 46,97%. Los patógenos como Gardnerella vaginalis fueron 79,6%, Candidaspp. 16,8%, Trichomonas vaginalis 2,2%, Herpes simplex 0,4%, y Chlamydia trachomatis 0,1%. Se observaron anormalidades citológicas en 9,1%, con células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASC-US) 2,57%, lesión intraepitelial escamosa de bajo grado (LSIL) 1,78%, células escamosas atípicas de significación indeterminada no pueden excluir lesión intraepitelial (ASC-H) 3,52%, lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (HSIL) 1,08%, células endocervicales atípicas, favor neoplásico (AGC-NEO) 0,22% y carcinoma 0,02%. Hubo una asociación significativa entre anormalidades citológicas severas y mujeres >40 años OR 3,01 (IC 95% 2,0-4,58) (p<0,0001). Las mujeres ≤40 años mostraron la presencia de Gardnerella vaginalis (p<0,0004). Conclusión: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de Gardnerella vaginalis y su asociación con anomalías citológicas, especialmente en mujeres sexualmente activas.

FIPLIQ: an alternative solution for gynecological and oral cytology / FIPLIQ: uma solução alternativa para exames citológicos ginecológicos e bucais

ABSTRACT Introduction: Liquid-based solution for cytology has been developed to improve Pap test. Some liquid media are commercially available, however, due to the high cost there are difficulties in implementing it in the public health programs of many countries. Objectives: To study the suitability of alternative liquid media for the collection and preservation of samples for cytologic examinations, comparing the results with the conventional Papanicolaou methodology. Material and methods: In this study, 127 different compositions of alternative liquid-based solutions were tested with samples from 10 volunteers for oral cytology and 20 samples from volunteers for cervical cytology. Formaldehyde-isopropanol-phosphate (FIPLIQ) was used to preserve cervical samples prepared and analyzed on the same day and 3, 7, and 15 days after collection, compared with Pap smear. Evaluations on quality and adequacy of cell types, microorganisms or their cytopathic effects, reactive, degenerative and dysplastic cell alterations were performed. Results: Samples processed with FIPLIQ showed results similar to those of conventional Pap smear when analyzing staining cytoplasm with indistinct cytoplasm borders, chromatin structure, presence or absence of different types of cell and microorganisms, reparative process, preneoplastic, and neoplastic cell changes; the samples were stored for up to 15 days after collection. Conclusion: Preliminary results suggest that FIPLIQ is suitable for the preparation and preservation of cytology specimens for up to 15 days.

RESUMEN Introducción: La citología en medio líquido fue desarrollada para mejorar la prueba de Papanicolaou. Algunos medios líquidos son comercialmente disponibles; no obstante, debido al costo elevado, hay dificultades para su implementación en programas de salud pública en muchos países. Objetivos: Estudiar la adecuación de medios líquidos alternativos para recolecta y la preservación de muestras para exámenes citológicos, comparando los resultados con la metodología convencional de Papanicolaou. Material y métodos: En este estudio, 127 diferentes composiciones de soluciones alternativas de medios líquidos fueron testadas con muestras de 10 voluntarios para citología oral y 20 muestras de voluntarias para citología cervical. El fosfato de formaldehído- isopropanol (FIPLIQ) fue usado para preservación de muestras cervicales preparadas y analizadas en el mismo día, y tres, siete y 15 días después de la recolecta, en comparación con la citología convencional. Se hicieron evaluaciones de calidad y adecuación de los tipos celulares, microorganismos o sus efectos citopáticos, cambios celulares reactivos, degenerativos y displásicos. Resultados: Las muestras procesadas con FIPLIQ presentaron resultados similares a los de la prueba convencional de Papanicolaou cuando analizados color y bordes citoplasmáticos mal definidos, estructura de cromatina, presencia o ausencia de diferentes tipos de células y microorganismos, proceso reparativo, pre-neoplásico y alteraciones celulares neoplásicas; las muestras se conservaron hasta 15 días después de la recolección. Conclusión: Los resultados preliminares sugieren que el FIPLIQ es adecuado para preparación y preservación de especímenes citológicos hasta 15 días.

RESUMO Introdução: A citologia em meio líquido foi desenvolvida para melhorar o teste de Papanicolaou. Alguns meios líquidos são comercialmente disponíveis, no entanto, devido ao alto custo, há dificuldades para sua implementação em programas de saúde pública em muitos países. Objetivos: Estudar a adequabilidade de meios líquidos alternativos para a coleta e a preservação de amostras para exames citológicos, comparando os resultados com a metodologia convencional de Papanicolaou. Material e métodos: Neste estudo, 127 diferentes composições de soluções alternativas de meios líquidos foram testadas com amostras de 10 voluntários para citologia oral e 20 amostras de voluntárias para citologia cervical. O fosfato de formaldeído-isopropanol (FIPLIQ) foi utilizado para preservar amostras cervicais preparadas e analisadas no mesmo dia e três, sete e 15 dias após coleta, em comparação com a citologia convencional. Avaliações de qualidade e adequação dos tipos celulares, de microrganismos ou seus efeitos citopáticos, de alterações celulares reativas, degenerativas e displásicas foram realizadas. Resultados: As amostras processadas com FIPLIQ apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos do teste convencional de Papanicolaou quando analisados coloração e apagamento de bordas citoplasmáticas, estrutura de cromatina, presença ou ausência de diferentes tipos de células e microrganismos, processo reparativo, pré-neoplásico e alterações celulares neoplásicas; as amostras foram conservadas por até 15 dias após a coleta. TOPICO Conclusão: Os resultados preliminares sugerem que o FIPLIQ é adequado para a preparação e a preservação de espécimes citológicos por até 15 dias.

Cytomorphological analysis of cervical cytological smears of women aged over 60 years / Análise citomorfológica de esfregaços citológicos cervicais de mulheres com idade superior a 60 anos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cervicovaginal atrophy is a condition that can affect women after menopause, and cytology is a diagnostic tool useful in such cases. Objective: To evaluate the cytomorphological profile of cervical smears in patients over 60 years old. Methods: Cytopathological examinations of 500 patients over 60 years old were selected consecutively in this cross-sectional, quantitative, retrospective study. Results: Only 114 (22.8%) presented the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) sampled, and their presence decreased progressively with advancing age (p < 0.001). Most smears (95.6%) were classified as atrophic. Microbiological analysis showed that from the 22 non-atrophic smears, most presented lactobacillus flora. Among the atrophic swabs, the predominant flora was cocci, with 47.2%. Only 4% presented cytological changes: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [(ASC-US) - eight cases/40%], atypical squamous cells - cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [(ASC-H) - five cases/25%], high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [(HSIL) - three/15%], low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [(LSIL) - two cases/10%] and adenocarcinoma in situ [(ACI) - two cases/10%]. Among the modified smears, four (20%) presented SCJ cells, and four patients (20%) took hormones (from these, two cases of ASC-H (10%) and two cases ASC-US (10%), showing a relationship between the onset of the lesion and the use of hormones (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The absence of SCJ indicates a diagnostic limitation of sample collection. Although the frequency of lesions has been similar to other studies, and the recommended age range for the examination is between 25 and 60 years, it is important to note that many women older than this range should perform the collection of oncology cytology due to existence of elderly women with risk profile for the disease.

RESUMEN Introducción: La atrofia cervicovaginal es una condición que puede afectar a las mujeres después de la menopausia, y la citología es una herramienta diagnóstica útil en esos casos. Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil citomorfológico de frotis citopatológicos cervicales en pacientes mayores de 60 años. Métodos: Un estudio transversal, cuantitativo y retrospectivo, en el que se eligieron consecutivamente pruebas citopatológicas de 500 pacientes con edad superior a 60 años. Resultados: Solo 114 mujeres (22,8%) tuvieron la unión escamo-columnar (UEC) representada; su presencia ha bajado progresivamente con el adelanto de la edad (p < 0,001). Los frotis (95,6%), en su mayoría, fueron clasificados como atróficos. El análisis microbiológico mostró que de los 22 frotis no atróficos, la mayoría tuvo flora lactobacilar. Entre los frotis atróficos, la flora predominante fue cocoide (47,2%). Solamente 4% presentó alteraciones citológicas: células escamosas atípicas de importancia no determinada [(ASC-US) - ocho casos/40%]; células escamosas atípicas, no se descarta una lesión de alto grado [(ASC-H) - cinco casos/25%]; lesión intraepitelial de alto grado [(HSIL) - três casos/15%]; lesión intraepitelial escamosa de bajo grado [(LSIL) - dos casos/10%] y adenocarcinoma in situ [(ACI) - dos casos/10%]. Entre los frotis alterados, cuatro (20%) contenían células de la UEC y cuatro pacientes (20%) estaban recibiendo hormonas [entre ellos, dos casos de ASC-H (10%) y dos casos de ASC-US (10%)]. Conclusión: La ausencia de UEC indica la limitación diagnóstica de la recolección. Aunque la frecuencia de las lesiones haya sido semejante a la de otros trabajos y la franja etaria recomendada para la realización de la prueba sea 25-60 años, es importante señalar que mujeres con edad superior a esa franja deben realizar la recolección citológica debido al perfil de riesgo para la enfermedad.

RESUMO Introdução: A atrofia cervicovaginal é uma condição que pode afetar mulheres após a menopausa, e a citologia é a ferramenta diagnóstica útil nesses casos. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil citomorfológico de esfregaços citopatológicos cervicais de pacientes com idade superior a 60 anos. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, quantitativo e retrospectivo, no qual foram selecionados consecutivamente exames citopatológicos de 500 pacientes com idade superior a 60 anos. Resultados: Apenas 114 mulheres (22,8%) tiveram a junção escamocolunar (JEC) representada e sua presença diminuiu progressivamente com o avanço da idade (p < 0,001). Os esfregaços (95,6%), em sua maioria, foram classificados como atróficos. A análise microbiológica mostrou que dos 22 esfregaços não atróficos, a maioria teve flora lactobacilar. Entre os esfregaços atróficos, a flora predominante foi cocoide (47,2%). Somente 4% apresentou alterações citológicas: células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado [(ASC-US) - oito casos/40%], células escamosas atípicas, não podendo excluir lesão intraepitelial de alto grau [(ASC-H) - cinco casos/25%], lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau [(HSIL) - três casos/15%], lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau [(LSIL) - dois casos/10%] e adenocarcinoma in situ [(ACI) - dois casos/10%]. Entre os esfregaços alterados, quatro (20%) continham células da JEC e quatro pacientes (20%) faziam uso de hormônios [destes, dois casos de ASC-H (10%) e dois casos ASC-US (10%)], o que demonstra a relação entre o aparecimento de lesão e o uso de hormônios (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A ausência da JEC indica a limitação diagnóstica da coleta. Embora a frequência das lesões tenha sido semelhante à de outros trabalhos e a faixa etária recomendada para a realização do exame seja entre 25 e 60 anos, é importante ressaltar que mulheres com idade superior a essa faixa devem realizar a coleta de citologia oncológica devido ao perfil de risco para a doença.

Analysis of recurrence and its influencing factors in patients with cervical HSIL within 24 months after LEEP / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To analyze clinical outcome of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) within 24 months after loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP),and to explore risk factors of recurrent cervical HSIL,the risk of progress into cervical cancer and methods of follow-up.Methods This retrospective study was carried out on 1 005 patients who underwent LEEP,diagnosing with HSIL after LEEP from January 2011 to December 2013 at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University to confer the difference between non-recurrent group and recurrent group 24 months after the LEEP conization.Patients were followed with ThinPrep cytologic test (TCT),high risk HPV (HR-HPV) test,colposcopy guided biopsy.Results A total of 1 005 cases were enrolled in this study with HSIL in the LEEP specimen,no residual HSIL in the 6-month follow up,and have follow up records in 24 months after LEEP.HSIL recurred in 5 cases,microinvasive carcinoma in 1 case,low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in 17 cases at 12 months follow-up.HSIL recurred in 8 cases,LSIL in 11 cases,adenocarcinoma in situ in 1 case,and invasive cervical carcinoma in 1 case in Ⅰ b1 stage at 24 months after LEEP.The recurrence rate was 1.3％ (13/1 005),and the progression rate was 0.3％ (3/1 005).There was no significant difference in age,length,circumference and width of LEEP between recurrent and non-recurrent patients (P ＞ 0.05).The recurrence rate was highest in the endocervical positive margin group with 3/16,which was higher than ectocervical positive margin and negative margin (P＜0.01,P=0.040,respectively).The recurrence rate of endocervical positive margin group and fibrous interstitial positive margin group showed no significant difference (P=0.320).There was no significant difference between ectocervical positive margin and negative margin [2.8％ (2/72) vs 0.7％ (6/882),P=0.117].Postoperative cytological examination combined with HR-HPV detection has a high sensitive and high negative predictor value of HSIL recurrence with both 100.0％.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that positive endocervical positive margin,abnormal follow-up cytological examination and positive HR-HPV after LEEP were independent factors affecting recurrence of HSIL patients after LEEP (P＜0.05).Conclusions Age,length,circumference and width of LEEP have no effect on recurrence within 24 months after HSIL.The high risk factors for HSIL recurrence within 24 months after LEEP in HSIL patients include:positive HPV,abnormal cytology,and positive endocervical positive margin.Colposcopy biopsy and endocervical curettage have important role in diagnosing HSIL recurrence and progression.

Value of the BioPerfectus multiplex real time HPV assay for self-collected samples cervical cancer screening / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of the BioPerfectus multiplex real time (BMRT) HPV assay for self-sample cervical cancer screening. Methods Eight hundreds and thirty-nine self-collected and physician-obtained DNA samples from the Shenzhen cervical cancer screening trialⅣ(SHENCCAST-Ⅳ) study collected samples for cervical cancer screening during June 2013 to September 2014 were detected by BMRT HPV assay to evaluate the screening efficacy. Results A total of the 839 women who were screened, 804 with complete BMRT HPV data was included in the study, and average age was (46±7) years. Of the 804 women, the positive rates of 14 high-risk HPV genotypes (including HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66 subtype) of self-sample and physician-obtained samples were 12.2% (98/804) and 12.8% (103/804), respectively (χ2=0.14, P=0.71). Self-collected samples with HPV-positive had significantly more cells (median 19 901.0) than physician-obtained samples (median 1 778.4), and there was statistically significant difference (Z=-7.61, P<0.01). The degree of agreement between self-sample and physician-obtained samples of HPV 16, HPV 18 and other 12 high risk HPV genotype was 99.8%, 100.0% and 96.1%, respectively. And the consistent Kappa value was 0.95,1.00 and 0.81, respectively. Of 804 samples, there were 6 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)Ⅱ+cases. There were no missed CINⅡ+cases by BMRT HPV assay. Conclusion BMRT HPV assay is feasible for self-sample cervical cancer screening.

HPV E6 and E7 mRNA combined with HPV 16 and 18 or 45 genotyping testing as a means of cervical cancer opportunistic screening / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate Aptima HPV E6 and E7 mRNA assay (Aptima HPV) combined with Aptima HPV 16 and 18 or 45 (18/45) genotype assay (Aptima HPV-GT) as a means of cervical cancer opportunistic screening. Methods From October 2016 to October 2017, a total of 23 258 women aged 25-65 years were enrolled in the physical examination center and gynecological clinic of Huzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital. All the women had Aptima HPV tested, further Aptima HPV-GT testing for positive women and liquid-based thin layer cytology Thinprep cytologic test (TCT). Women with Aptima HPV (+) or ≥low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or obvious clinical symptoms (including vaginal bleeding after intercourse and watery, bloody vaginal discharge) were referred for colposcopy and further biopsy with or without endocervical curettage (ECC) if indicated. Expression of Aptima HPV, HPV 16 and HPV 18/45 with different cytological diagnostic groups and histological diagnosis groups were compared respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Aptima HPV detection and TCT in identifying histological diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or worse (HSIL+) were compared. Results (1) The positive rates of Aptima HPV, HPV 16 and HPV 18/45 were 14.00% (3 257/23 258), 1.85% (430/23 258) and 0.86% (199/23 258) respectively.The positive rates of Aptima HPV, HPV 16 and HPV 18/45 increased with cytology grading in squamous epithelium [negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), LSIL, atypical squamous cell cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H), HSIL and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), all P=0.000)]. According to histology results, the positive rates of Aptima HPV, HPV 16 and HPV 18/45 increased with histology grading in squamous epithelium (normal cervical tissue, LSIL, HSIL and SCC, all P=0.000). The positive rate of Aptima HPV was significantly higher in HSIL+group than that in the LSIL or better (LSIL-) group [98.11% (311/317) vs 12.84% (2 946/22 941), P=0.000]. The positive rate of Aptima HPV-GT was significantly higher in HSIL+group than that in LSIL-group [58.36% (185/317) vs 1.91% (439/22 941), P=0.000]. (2) Compared with cytology, Aptima HPV resulted in significant higher sensitivity (98.11% vs 59.62%, P=0.000) and negative predictive value (99.97% vs 99.42%, P=0.000), significant lower specificity (87.16% vs 95.37%, P=0.000) and positive predictive value (9.55% vs 15.10%, P=0.000) when identified HSIL+. Conclusions Women with Aptima HPV positive, especially those with Aptima HPV-GT positive, are more likely to have histological diagnosis of HSIL+. Aptima HPV combined with Aptima HPV-GT is feasible as a means of cervical cancer opportunistic screening in tertiary hospitals.

Fatores associados a não realização de exame citopatológico em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, 2015: estudo transversal de base populacional / Factores asociados a la no realización de examen citopatológico en São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2015: estudio transversal de base poblacional / Factors associated with not having Pap Smears in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2015: a cross-sectional population-based study

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de exame citopatológico não realizado nos últimos três anos e de nunca realizado em mulheres, e analisar fatores associados. Métodos: estudo transversal, com mulheres de 20 a 69 anos de idade, em São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, em 2015; calcularam-se as razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: entre 919 mulheres, a prevalência de exame atrasado foi 17,8% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%15,4;20,3), e de nunca realizado, 8,1% (IC95%6,3;9,8); na análise ajustada, o aumento na prevalência de exame atrasado mostrou-se associado à classe econômica D/E (RP=2,1 - IC95%1,3;3,5), idade de 20-29 anos (RP=3,2 - IC95%2,1;4,9) e nenhuma consulta realizada (RP=3,0 - IC95%2,1;4,1); nunca ter realizado exame associou-se com classe econômica D/E (RP=2,6 - IC95%1,4;5,0), idade de 20-29 anos (RP=24,1 - IC95%6,4;90,9) e nenhuma consulta (RP=2,9 - IC95%1,7;4,8). Conclusão: a cobertura de exame foi alta e com iniquidade.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de examen en mujeres, no realizado en los últimos tres años y de nunca realizado, y analizar factores asociados. Métodos: estudio transversal con mujeres de 20 a 69 años de edad de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, en 2015; se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) por la regresión de Poisson. Resultados: entre 919 mujeres, la prevalencia de examen retrasado fue 17,8% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]15,4;20,3) y de nunca realizado fue del 8,1% (IC95%6,3;9,8); en el análisis ajustado, el aumento en la prevalencia de examen retrasado se asoció con clase económica D/E (RP=2,1 - IC95%1,3;3,5), a edad entre 20-29 años (RP=3,2 - IC95%2,1;4,9) y ninguna consulta (RP=3,0 - IC95%2,1;4,1); nunca haber realizado examen se asoció con clase D/E (RP=2,6 - IC95%1,4;5,0), a 20-29 años de edad (RP=24,1 - IC95%6,4;90,9) y ninguna consulta (RP=2,9 - IC95%1,7;4,8). Conclusión: la cobertura de examen fue alta y con inequidad.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of Pap tests not performed in the last three years and never performed in women and to analyze factors. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study with women aged 20 to 69 years living in São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil, in 2015; prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using Poisson regression. Results: among 919 women, prevalence of delayed testing was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]15.4;20.3) and never tested prevalence was 8.1% (95%CI6.3%;9.8%); in the adjusted analysis, the increase in the prevalence of delayed testing was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.1 - 95%CI1.3;3.5), being aged 20-29 years (PR=3.2 - 95%CI2.1;4.9) and not having had a medical appointment (PR=3.0 - 95%CI2.1;4.1); never having tested was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.6 - 95%CI1.4;5.0), being aged 20-29 years (PR=24.1 - 95%CI6.4;90.9), and not having had a medical appointment (PR=2.9 - 95%CI1.7;4.8). Conclusion: coverage of the test was high but characterized by social inequality.

Clinical analysis of cervical intraepithelial lesion in postmenopausal women / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection in postmenopausal women, and analyze the related influencing factors. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University between July 2013 and January 2015. Seven hundred and fifty cases of cervical cone-cut were enrolled in this study, 129 cases of them were postmenopausal women, and 621 were premenopausal women. All results of patients'liquid-based thin-layer cytology(TCT), HPV test, colposcopy and biopsy pathology, cervical cone resection and postoperative pathological examination were collected. Then the compliance with the pathological examination results after colposcopic cervical biopsy and cervical cone resection, and the related factors affecting the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection were analyzed. The pathological escalation of patients with different menopausal conditions after cervical cone resection was also analyzed. Results (1)Of the 750 patients, there were 329 patients had the same pathological examination results after colposcopic cervical biopsy and cervical cone resection, which accounted for 43.9％(329/750). And 216 cases demonstrated pathological escalation after cervical cone resection, which accounted for 28.8％(216 / 750). The results of TCT examination and menopause were significantly correlated with the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection(P<0.05). However, the condition of HPV infection was unrelated to pathological escalation after cervical cone resection(P>0.05).(2)Compared with the different results of TCT examination [including non-intrusive load monitoring(NILM), atypical squamous cell of undetermined signification (ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL)], the ratio of pathological escalation after cervical cone resection was not statistically significant difference between postmenopausal and non-menopausal patients(P>0.05). The proportion of pathological escalation of patients with >5 years of menopause was significantly higher than that of patients with menopause time ≤5 years(40.3％ vs 27.7％, OR=1.8, 95％CI: 1.1-2.8, P=0.029). Among them, when the result of TCT examination was LSIL, the rate of pathological escalation in patients >5 years of menopause was significantly higher than that in menopause time ≤5 years(6/10 vs 26.3％, OR=4.2, 95％CI: 1.1-15.8, P=0.033). While the results of TCT examination were NILM, ASCUS or HSIL showed there was no statistically significant difference between two groups(P>0.05).(3)Among the 143 cases, of which the result of TCT examination was LSIL, 9 cases of the pathological examination results after cervical resection were escalated to cervical cancer, which accounted for 6.3％ (9 / 143). Among 10 cases of menopause time >5 years, 2 cases(2 / 10)of the pathological examination results after cervical cone resection were escalated to cervical cancer. Among 133 cases with menopause time ≤ 5 years, 7 cases (5.3％)were upgraded to cervical cancer after cervical cone resection. The ratio of pathological escalation to cancer in postmenopausal patients with >5 years was higher than that of menopause time ≤5 years. Due to the data volume limitation, the comparison was not statistically significant difference(χ2=0.460, P>0.05). Conclusions In postmenopausal women, especially when menopausal time is > 5 years, the proportion of pathological escalation after cervical cone resection following colposcopic cervical biopsy is increased. And the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection is significantly correlated with the results of TCT examination and menopausal status. Therefore, doctors should treat the colposcopic biopsy pathological results with caution during clinic. Depending on TCT results, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) sampling could be administrated directly in case of avoid missing diagnosis.

The value of microecological testing on evaluation of the treatment effect of simple vulvovaginal candidiasis / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the value of vaginal microecological detection in evaluating therapeutic effect of simple vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC), and explore microecological factors which can affect the cure rate of simple VVC.Methods 75 patients with simple VVC in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from January 2016 to June 2017 were enrolled.Vaginal secretion was collected and applied for vaginal microecological detection.The patients were treated with clotrimazole based monotherapy later. The relationship between vaginal microecological characters and therapeutic effects was analyzed.Results PH values,leukocyte counts,flora density,flora diversity,small bacilli and cocci counts had no influence on therapeutic effects(P>0.05).The cure rate of patients with lactobacillary gradesⅠ-Ⅱa was higher than that with lactobacillary gradesⅡb-Ⅲ(83.33% vs 53.33%,P=0.033), while lower with lactobacilli≤22.8/hpf than that with lactobacilli >22.8/hpf(59.26% vs 87.50%,P=0.007), which indicate that lactobacilli counts was the main factor that affects therapeutic effects.Conclusions Vaginal microecological detection plays an important role in predicting the therapeutic effect of simple VVC.For the patients with lower lactobacillus counts,the follow-up after treatment should be strengthened.(Chin J Lab Med,2018, 41:292-295)

Modelo de Crenças em Saúde e o rastreio do câncer do colo uterino: avaliando vulnerabilidades / Health Belief Model and cervical cancer screening: assessing vulnerabilities / Modelo de Creencias en Salud y cribado del cáncer del cuello del útero: evaluando vulnerabilidades

Objetivo: avaliar os fatores de risco para a inadequação do rastreio do câncer do colo do útero a partir do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde. Método: trata-se de um estudo do tipo caso-controle desenvolvido por meio de entrevistas realizadas entre 2012 e 2013 com 640 usuárias da Saúde da Família. A coleta de dados ocorreu com instrumento estruturado e multidimensional com subsequente análise multivariada. O estudo foi aprovado em comitê de ética sob o protocolo número 01724512.6.0000.5259. Resultados: a percepção das barreiras foi um importante fator de risco para o rastreamento da doença (OR 16.7; IC95%: 9.2/30.1), sofrendo modificação de efeito pelas dimensões de susceptibilidade e gravidade (OR: 22.5; IC95%: 11.4/44.5). Conclusão: chama-se atenção para a necessidade de incorporar aspectos subjetivos na avaliação das demandas da clientela, relacionados à percepção das usuárias e seus sentimentos frente ao rastreio do câncer, especialmente por compreender os fatores que elevam o absenteísmo a esta prática.

Objective: to evaluate the risk factors for inadequate cervical cancer screening using the Health Belief Model. Method: This case-control study involved interviews of 640 Family Health Strategy users, between 2012 and 2013. Data were collected using a multidimensional, structured instrument and subsequently subjected to multivariate analysis. The study was approved by the ethics committee (protocol number 01724512.6.0000.5259). Results: one important risk factor for screening was the perception of barriers (OR 16.7; 95% CI: 9.2/30.1), the effect of which was modified by two dimensions: susceptibility and severity (OR: 22.5; 95% CI: 11.4/44.5). Conclusion: the results underscore the need for evaluation of client demands to incorporate subjective aspects relating to users' perceptions of, and feelings towards, cancer screening, especially in order to understand the factors that increase absenteeism from this practice.

Objetivo: evaluar los factores de riesgo por la inadecuación del cribado del cáncer del cuello del útero a partir del Modelo de Creencias en la Salud. Método: se trata de un estudio de tipo caso-control desarrollado a través de entrevistas realizadas entre 2012 y 2013 con 640 usuarias de la Salud de la Familia. La recolección de datos se produjo a partir de instrumento estructurado y multidimensional, con posterior análisis multivariada. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética con el número de protocolo 01724512.6.0000.5259. Resultados: la percepción de las barreras fue un importante factor de riesgo para el cribado de la enfermedad (OR 16.7; IC95%: 9.2/30.1), sufriendo modificación de efecto por las dimensiones de susceptibilidad y gravedad (OR: 22.5; IC95%: 11.4/44.5). Conclusión: Los resultados muestran la necesidad de incorporar aspectos subjetivos en la evaluación de las demandas de la clientela, relacionados a la percepción de las usuarias y sus sentimientos ante el cribado del cáncer, especialmente por comprender los factores que elevan el absentismo a esta práctica.

Rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em Teresina, Piauí: estudo avaliativo dos dados do Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero, 2006-2013 / Cribado de cáncer de cuello uterino en Teresina, Piauí: estudio de evaluación de datos del Sistema de Información sobre cáncer de cuello de útero, 2006-2013 / Cervical cancer screening in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil: evaluation study using data of the Cervical Cancer Information System, 2006-2013

Objetivo: avaliar o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo avaliativo do Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero (Siscolo) de Teresina no período 2006-2013, com base em análises estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: foram registradas no sistema 604.331 citologias de mulheres residentes em Teresina; 1,8% apresentaram alterações citológicas pré-malignas ou malignas (atipias, lesões intraepiteliais e câncer); a positividade dos exames foi maior para as mulheres >64 anos de idade; verificou-se redução de 43,9% no número de exames realizados na faixa etária-alvo do programa de rastreamento; também cresceu o percentual de amostras insatisfatórias, de 0,33 para 0,89%. Conclusão: em Teresina, o programa de rastreamento de colo uterino apresenta limitações que precisam ser superadas, destacando-se a oferta inadequada de exames, sua baixa proporção de positividade e o crescimento do número de amostras insatisfatórias.

Objetivo: evaluar el programa de cribado de cáncer de cuello uterino en Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio evaluativo del sistema de información para cáncer de cuello uterino en Teresina, en el período 2006-2013, basado en el análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: habían 604,331 pruebas de frotis registrados en el sistema, para mujeres que vivían en Teresina y 1,8% de ellas presentaron anomalías citológicas pre malignas o malignas (células atípicas, lesiones intraepiteliales y cáncer); hubo una reducción de 43,9% en el número de pruebas realizadas entre mujeres en el rango de edad objetivo del programa de cribado y un aumento en el porcentaje de muestras insatisfactorias, de 0,33 a 0,89%. Conclusión: el programa de cribado cervical en Teresina, tiene limitaciones que deben ser superados, destacando el suministro inadecuado de las pruebas, una baja proporción de números positivos y creciente de muestras insatisfactorias.

Objective: to assess the cervical cancer screening tests in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Methods: this is an evaluation study of Teresina Cervical Cancer Information System (Siscolo), for the period from 2006 to 2013, based on descriptive statistical analyses. Results: 604,331 pap smear tests of women residents in Teresina were registered on the system; 1.8% presented premalignant or malignant cytological conditions (atypical cells, intraepithelial lesions and cancer); positive results were higher among women aged >64 years old; there was a reduction of 43.9% in the number of tests performed among women in the target age group of the screening program; there was an increment in the percentage of unsatisfactory samples, from 0.33 to 0.89%. Conclusion: Teresina cervical screening program presents some limitations that need to be overcome, especially concerning the insufficient tests offer, its low proportion of positive results and the growing number of unsatisfactory samples.

Avaliação do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero e sua periodicidade em um município de Santa Catarina / Assessment of cervical cancer screening and its periodicity in a city of Santa Catarina state

Modelo do estudo: Estudo de Prevalência. Objetivo do estudo: Conhecer a prevalência dos resultados alterados dos exames preventivos para câncer do colo do útero e a sua regularidade na coleta. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram estudadas 3.425 mulheres usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde e 9.436 exames citopatológicos de novembro de 2003 a janeiro de 2014. Resultados: A mediana da idade foi de 35 anos (25,0 - 46,0, percentil 25 a 75%). No primeiro exame citopatológico, 2,7% das mulheres apresentaram alterações em células epiteliais. As Células escamosas atípicas de significado incerto (ASC-US) (n=54; 1,7%) e as lesões intra-epiteliais de baixo grau (LIEBG) (n=24; 0,7%) foram as mais frequentes. Ao longo do período observado houveram 87 novas alterações citopatológicas, totalizando 173 exames alterados em 9.436 analisados. Quanto a regularidade, 58,5% pacientes repetiram a segunda coleta. Conclusões: Houve um perfil predominante de mulheres jovens, sendo o diagnóstico de ASC-US o mais frequente. A flora bacteriana mais frequente foi Lactobacillus principalmente em mulheres jovens. (AU)

Study Model: Prevalence Study. Study objective: To determine the prevalence of the abnormal cervical cancer screening test (PAP) and regularity in repeat it. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. 3,425 women, users of the Brazilian Unified Health System, and 9,436 cytopathology, conducted from November 2003 to January 2014, were studied. Results: The median age was 35 years (25.0 to 46.0, 25 to 75% percentile). In the first PAP, 2.7% of women examined had alterations in epithelial cells. The atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASC-US) (n = 54; 1.7%), and low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (n = 24; 0.7%) were the most frequent alterations found. During the observed period, 87 new abnormal PAPs were found, totalling 173 altered tests in 9436 analysed. Regarding regularity of test, 58.5% patients repeated the second PAP. Conclusions: There was a preferential profile of young women, and the diagnosis of ASC-US was the most frequently found. Lactobacillus, especially in young women, was the main bacterial flora. (AU)

A comparative study about the time of pregnancy and gestational age of SD rats by three methods / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore more accurate method about the time of pregnancy and gestational age of SD rats.Methods 7 to 8-week-old SD rats (18 females,6 males) were selected,the ratios of male to female were 2:1,5:2,1:1 and 4:1.Through vaginal plug observation,vaginal smear method,weight comparison method to verify the exact date of pregnancy in the next morning.Results Vaginal observed at milky vaginal plug sperm could be observed as sickle rat sperm head.Body weight of pregnant rats changed obviously.Three detection methods were used to detect the pregnancy time for 18 females.The positive rate of vaginal plug observation was 5.6％.The positive rate of vaginal smear method was 44.4％.The false negative rate of vaginal smear method was 11.1％.The positive rate of body weight method was 11.1％.The false positive rate was 5.6％.Conclusion The accuracy of vaginal smear is higher than the vaginal plug method and weight comparison method,the vaginal plug method can be used as the premise of the other two methods.Comparison method can be used as supplementary that the other two methods missed.

Cervical cancer screening: from Pap smear to future strategies / Triagem de câncer do colo uterino: do teste de Papanicolaou a estratégias futuras

ABSTRACT Previously, the screening for detection of cervical cancer was performed by simple cervicovaginal sample collected by the physician whenever the patient attended the medical consultation, and soon it was established as the annual"Pap smear". Since then, an elementary test has evolved into a complex process with multiple algorithms for the identification of invasive disease. The detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) has become part of the new screening recommendations, resulting in major changes in the guidelines. This review intends to emphasize the most important topics that are part of cervical cancer screening, including cervical cytology and HPV detection, and to discuss particular aspects of cervical cancer in Brazil. Despite the great benefits achieved by the cervical cancer screening programs with cytology and HPV test, there are still important issues to be discussed and improved in defining future strategies, including simplicity and possible application in different socioeconomic contexts, definition of the best test or tests to be applied and recommended interval, minimizing possible harms. After the establishment of screening algorithms well defined by leading organizations, management protocols should be disseminated among physicians and patients by education programs.

RESUMO Inicialmente, a triagem para detecção do câncer de colo uterino era feita por meio de uma simples amostra cervicovaginal colhida pelo médico, sempre que o paciente comparecia à consulta médica; logo se estabeleceu como"exame de Papanicolaou" anual. Desde então, um teste elementar evoluiu para um processo complexo, com múltiplos algoritmos para identificação de doença invasiva. A detecção do papilomavírus humano (HPV) tornou-se parte das novas recomendações de triagem, resultando em grandes mudanças nas diretrizes. Esta revisão pretende enfatizar os tópicos mais importantes que fazem parte do rastreamento do câncer de colo do útero, incluindo citologia cervical e detecção do HPV, bem como discutir aspectos particulares do câncer de colo do útero no Brasil. Apesar dos grandes benefícios alcançados pelos programas de rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino por meio do uso da citologia e do teste de HPV, existem ainda pontos importantes a serem discutidos e melhorados na definição de estratégias futuras, como simplicidade e possível aplicação em diferentes contextos socioeconômicos, definição do melhor teste ou testes a serem aplicados e intervalo recomendável, minimizando possíveis danos. Após o estabelecimento de algoritmos de rastreamento bem definidos pelas principais organizações, protocolos de manejo devem ser divulgados entre médicos e pacientes por programas de educação.

Intervenções que favorecem a adesão ao exame de colpocitologia oncótica: revisão integrativa / Intervenciones que favorecen la adhesión a la Prueba de Papanicolau: revisión integrativa / Interventions that facilitate adherence to Pap smear exam: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar produções científicas que apresentem intervenções relevantes para implementar o Programa de Prevenção do Câncer Cérvico-Uterino, aumentando a adesão à realização do exame. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada por busca on-line, nas bases de dados: LILACS, SciELO e Pubmed®, abrangendo artigos publicados de 2009 a 2014. Resultados: trinta e oito artigos compuseram a amostra final do estudo. Estes indicaram as seguintes intervenções: utilização de gerente de caso, contato telefônico, carta-convite, atividades educativas, divulgação na mídia, agentes de saúde da comunidade, parcerias, rastreamento de base populacional e múltiplas intervenções. Conclusão: as pesquisas concentram-se entre mulheres provenientes de países em desenvolvimento, e estas intervenções são eficazes no aumento da adesão e do conhecimento destas mulheres em relação à prevenção do câncer cérvico-uterino.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar producciones científicas que manifiesten intervenciones importantes para la implementación del Programa de Prevención del Cáncer Cervical-Uterino, aumentando la adhesión a la realización de la prueba. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada mediante búsqueda online en bases de datos LILACS, SciELO y PubMed®, incluyendo artículos publicados de 2009 a 2014. Resultados: muestra final compuesta por 38 artículos, que indicaron las siguientes intervenciones: utilización de gestor de caso, contacto telefónico, carta de invitación, actividades educativas, difusión en medios, agentes de salud comunitarios, alianzas, rastreo en base poblacional y múltiples acciones. Conclusión: las investigaciones se concentran en mujeres de países en desarrollo. Las intervenciones consiguen aumentar la adhesión y el conocimiento de estas mujeres respecto de la prevención del cáncer cervical-uterino.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify scientific productions showing relevant interventions to implement the Cervical Uterine Cancer Prevention Program increasing adherence to exams. Method: integrative literature review through an online search in the following databases: LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed® comprising articles published from 2009 to 2014. Results: thirty-eight articles made up the study's final sample. Results showed the following interventions: use of case manager; telephone call; invitation letter; educational activities; media outreach work; community health agents; partnerships; population database screening; and multiple interventions. Conclusion: studies are mainly focused on women from developing countries and interventions are efficacious to increase women's knowledge about and adherence to prevention of cervical uterine cancer.

Factors associated with the representativeness of the transformation zone in cytopathological cervical tests / Fatores associados à representatividade da zona de transformação em exames citopatológicos do colo uterino / Factores asociados a la representatividad de la zona de transformación en exámenes de citopatología del cuello uterino

Objetivou-se analisar os fatores associados à representatividade da Zona de Transformação em exames citopatológicos para controle do câncer do colo do útero.Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de caráter quantitativo realizado por meio das análises dos exames citopatológicos registrados no Sistema de Informação do Câncer em 2014. A amostra final resultou em 1.157 laudos. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Do total de exames, 96,88% foram realizados para o controle e rastreamento da doença e 24,3% não apresentaram a zona de transformação. Os fatores que influenciaram a representatividade da zona de transformação foram idade entre 25 a 64 anos, uso de contraceptivo oral, terapia de reposição hormonal e epitélio metaplásico. Tais fatores podem ser considerados facilitadores para a captação de uma amostra satisfatória com a possível diminuição de resultados falso-negativos, o que acarretaria o retardo do tratamento precoce do câncer do colo uterino (AU).

The objective was to analyze the factors associated with the representativeness of the Transformation Zone in cervical screening tests. A retrospective and quantitative study was undertaken through the analyses of the cytopathology tests registered in the Cancer Information System in 2014. The final sample resulted in 1,157 reports. For the data analysis, the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used. Of all tests,96.88% were undertaken for disease control and screening and 24.3% did not present the transformation zone. The factors that influenced the representativeness of the transformation zone were age between 25 and 64 years, use of oral contraception, hormone replacement therapy and metaplastic epithelium. These factors can be considered facilitators to capture a satisfactory sample with the possible reduction of false-negative results, which would entail a delay for the early treatment of cervical cancer (AU).

Estudio cuya finalidad fue analizar los factores asociados a la representatividad de la Zona de Transformación en exámenes de citopatología para control del cáncer de cuello del útero. Es un estudio retrospectivo de carácter cuantitativo realizado por medio de los análisis de exámenes de citopatología registrados en el Sistema de Información del Cáncer en 2014. La muestra final resultó en 1.157 informes. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences . Del total de exámenes, 96,88% fueron realizados para el control y rastreo de la enfermedad y 24,3% no presentaron la zona de transformación. Los factores que influenciaron la representatividad de la zona de transformación fueron edad entre 25 y 64 años, uso de anticonceptivo oral, terapia de reposición hormonal y epitelio metaplásico. Se puede considerar esos factores como facilitadores para la captación de una muestra satisfactoria con la posible disminuición de resultados falso-negativos, lo que resultaría el retraso del tratamiento precoz del cáncer de cuello uterino (AU).

Diagnóstico e orientações preventivas nas infecções cervico-vaginais e no câncer cervical / Diagnostic and preventive guidelines for cervical-vaginal infections and cervical cancer

Objetivo Avaliar o diagnóstico de câncer cervical e de infecções cervico vaginais, bem como posteriores orientações preventivas para estas doenças. Métodos Foram avaliados esfregaços vaginais de exames citológicos e cultura para a pesquisa de Candida spp. nos materiais colhidos de pacientes atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados Foi atendido um total de 78 mulheres com idades entre 15 e 81 anos, tendo como média de idade 39,8 anos e desvio-padrão de 15,6 anos. Na leitura da lâmina corada pelo método de Papanicolaou para adequação da amostra, 43 (55,1%) apresentaram presença de junção escamo-colunare 21 (26,9%) presença de metaplasia. Com relação à flora microbiana presente nas amostras, houve 27 amostras (34,6%) com flora lactobacilar, 40 (51,3%) com flora cocóide, 4 (5,1%) com presença de Candida spp. e Gardnerella vaginalis, 2 (2,6%) com Trichomonas vaginalis e em 26 casos (33,3%) outros bacilos foram observados. No laudo citológico, 32 amostras (41,0%) tiveram resultado normal, 34 (43,6%) com processo inflamatório, 6 (7,6%) apresentaram atrofia com inflamação, com 5 (6,4%) com processo inflamatório e reacional e uma (1,3%) com presença de células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado. Quanto à cultura para Candida spp., 55 (73,3%) amostras foram negativas e 20 (26,7%), positivas. Destas, 11 (14,1%) foram casos de Candida albicans isolada, 5 (6,7%) de Candida glabrata, 2 (2,7%) de Candida parapsilosis e outros 2 de Candida guilliermondii. Conclusão O presente estudo demonstrou que mulheres com ou sem lesões precursoras do câncer do colo do útero, apresentavam também outras infecções que, de alguma forma, comprometem sua qualidade de vida, reforçando a aplicação de medidas preventivas para melhorar essas realidade.

Objective To assess the diagnosis of cervical cancer, cervical and vaginal infections, and subsequent guidelines to prevent these diseases. Methods Cytological tests and culture of vaginal smears of patients treated at Primary Healthcare Units of the Unified Healthcare System were assessed for Candida spp. Results A total of 78 women aged 15 to 81 years were examined. Their mean age and standard deviation were 39.8±15.6 years. Slides stained with Papanicolaou stain showed that 43 (55.1%) women had squamocolumnar junction and 21 (26.9%) had metaplasia. The microbial floras found in the samples included: 27 (34.6%) with Lactobacillus flora, 40 (51.3%) with coccoid flora, 4 (5.1%) with Candida spp. and Gardnerella vaginalis, 2 (2.6%) with Trichomonas vaginalis, and 26 (33.3%) with other bacilli. According to the cytological report, 32 samples (41.0%) were normal, 34 (43.6%) had an inflammatory process, 6 (7.6%) had atrophy and inflammation, 5 (6.4%) had an inflammatory and reactional process, and one (1.3%) had atypical squamous cells with undetermined significance. Fifty-five (73.3%) samples were negative for Candida spp. culture, and 20 (26.7%) were positive. Of these, 11 (14.1%) were isolated cases of Candida albicans, 5 (6.7%), of Candida glabrata, 2 (2.7%), of Candida parapsilosis, and another two (2.7%), of Candida guilliermondii. Conclusion The study women with or without precursor lesions of cervical cancer presented other infections that somehow compromised their quality of life, reinforcing the need to implement preventive measures to improve this reality.

Comparison of Classical and Secondary Cytologic Criteria Relative to Hybrid Capture for Diagnosing Cervical-vaginal Infection by Human Papillomavirus / Comparação entre os critérios citológicos clássicos e secundários para o diagnóstico de infecção cérvico-vaginal por papiloma vírus humano em relação à captura híbrida

Objective To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the classic Meisels cytologic criteria and the Schneider secondary criteria relative to the hybrid capture method for diagnosing HPV infection. Methods This was a retrospective study performed at a public university hospital. A total of 41 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of HPV infection and 40 HPV-negative patients were selected for review of the cervical-vaginal smears seeking to classical and secondary criteria. A single pathologist reviewed the slides in search of the criteria. The classical and secondary cytologic criteria were compared with the hybrid capture for diagnosing HPV infection. Bartleti test was applied for the age analysis, and Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions. The tests were considered significant when the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis was less than 5% (p < 0.05). Results The Meisels criteria were less sensitive (34.0%) than the secondary Schneider criteria (57.5%) when compared with the hybrid capture (p < 0.0001), although the specificity of the former criteria was non-significantly higher (91.2% and 67.7%, respectively). In cases of moderate or intense inflammation, the sensitivity and specificity of the Schneider criteria were decreased, 33.3% and 50.0% respectively (p = 0.0115). Conclusions Compared with hybrid capture for diagnosis of HPV infection, the sensitivity of the secondary Schneider criteria was higher than the classical Meisels criteria.Moderate or intense inflammation reduces the sensitivity and specificity of the secondary Schneider criteria for diagnosing HPV infection using the hybrid capture as the gold standard.

Objetivo Comparar a acurácia diagnóstica dos critérios citológicos clássicos de Meisels com a dos critérios secundários de Schneider em relação a captura híbrida para o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HPV. Métodos Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo realizado em hospital público universitário. Quarenta e uma pacientes com diagnóstico citológico de infecção pelo HPV e 40 pacientes HPV-negativas foram selecionadas para avaliação dos esfregaços cervicaisvaginais em busca dos critérios clássicos e secundários. Um único patologista reviu as lâminas. Os critérios citológicos clássicos e secundários foram comparados com a captura híbrida para o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HPV. O teste de Bartleti foi aplicado para a análise das idades e o teste exato de Fisher para comparar proporções. Os testes foram considerados significativos quando a probabilidade de rejeitar a hipótese de nulidade foi menor que 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados Os critérios deMeisels forammenos sensíveis (34,0%) que os secundários de Schneider (57,5%) quando comparados com a captura híbrida (p < 0,0001), embora a especificidade dos critérios de Meisels não tenha sido significativamente superior (91,2% e 67,7%, respectivamente). Em casos de inflamação moderada ou intensa, a sensibilidade e especificidade dos critérios secundários de Schneider foram diminuídas, 33,3% e 50,0%, respectivamente (p = 0,0115). Conclusões Comparado a captura híbrida para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HPV, a sensibilidade dos critérios secundários de Schneider foi maior que a dos critérios clássicos de Meisels. Inflamação moderada ou intensa reduziu a sensibilidade e especificidade dos critérios secundários de Schneider para o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HPV utilizando a captura híbrida como padrão-ouro.